tulostettava versio
MonAKO Glossary N-P
Alkuun
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C
D
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N-P
Q-R
S
T
U-W
naturalizing strategy > domestication
normative
Definition 1: having to do with norms, i.e. with shared
ideas about what should be done or what something should be
like. (This is the usual interpretation of the term in
Descriptive Translation Studies.)
Definition 2: having to do with what is typical
FI: normatiivinen
SV: normativ
DE: normativ
FR: normatif
observational receiver
Definition: reader who can understand a message although
it is not specifically addressed to him/her
Source: Pym 1992
FI: havainnoiva vastaanottaja
SV: observerande mottagare
DE: beobachtender Empfnger
FR: recepteur observateur
omission
Definition: translation technique or strategy in which
the translator decides to leave out information that is present in
the source text; can be seen as a translation error if the
translator doesnt have an acceptable reason for the
omission
FI: poisto, poisjtt
SV: frlust, utelmning
DE: Auslassung
FR: omission
operational norm
Definition: norm which affects the text-producing process
in translation
Source: Toury 1995
FI: toimintanormi
SV: operationell norm
DE: operationale Norm
FR: norme oprationnelle
operative text
Definition: text whose primary function is to affect the
behaviour of the receiver, such as persuasive texts, instructions
(compare expressive and informative
text)
Source: Reiss 1976
FI: operatiivinen teksti
SV: operativ text
DE: operativer Text
FR: texte incitatif
otherness
Definition: quality of being different from oneself; the
essential being different of the source text and/or
culture, as experienced by the target-language reader, or
initially by the translator
FI: toiseus
SV: alteritet
DE: Andersartigkeit, Fremdartigkeit, Alteritt, Anderssein
FR: altrit
other tongue translation > inverse
translation
overtranslation
Definition: a characteristic of translations that
increase the level of detail, as compared with that of the
original, e.g. because the unit of translation is smaller than it
might have been; often involves more words than the original
Source: Newmark 1988
FI: ylikntminen
SV: ver-versttning
DE: berdifferenzierung
FR: surtraduction
overt translation
Definition: translation which is intended to be
recognized as a translation, e.g. because it is clearly bound to
the source culture; it may have a different function from that of
the original (compare covert translation)
Source: House 1981
FI: avoin knns, ilmiknns
SV: ppen versttning
DE: funktionsverndernde bersetzung
FR: traduction non dguise
parallel text
Definition 1: non-translated texts in the target language
that are maximally similar in subject matter, text-type, function
and genre to the target text; used as stylistic models by
translators who wish to make their translations sound as natural
as possible; and used by scholars studying differences between
translations and non-translated texts
Definition 2: translations themselves, seen as being
parallel to their source texts
FI: rinnakkaisteksti
SV: parallell text
DE: Paralleltext
FR: texte parallle
parallel translation
Definition: translation of a single source text into
several target languages, usually simultaneously
FI: rinnakkaisknns
SV: parallelversttning
DE: Parallelbersetzung
FR: traduction parallle
paraphrase
Definition: translation strategy which is a middle way
between metaphrase and imitation, not too close and not too free;
more generally, a translation that can be described as loose,
free, sometimes even undertranslated
Source: Dryden 1690
FI: parafraasi, parafrastinen knns
SV: parafras
DE: Paraphrase
FR: paraphrase
paratext
Definition: those parts of a publication that come before
or after or around the text proper, such as title, frontispiece,
name of author and/or translator, preface, afterword, cover
blurb, notes
Source: Genette 1987
FI: parateksti
SV: paratext
DE: Paratext
FR: paratexte
partial translation
Definition: any kind of non-integral translation, such as
summary translation, transcription, translation of the sounds
only
Source: Catford 1965
FI: osittainen knns,
osittaisknns
SV: partiell versttning
DE: partielle bersetzung
FR: traduction partielle
participative receiver
Definition: receiver who is specifically addressed by a
particular text; an intended reader
Source: Pym 1992
FI: osallistuva vastaanottaja
SV: deltagande mottagare
DE: intendierter Empfnger
FR: recepteur participant
patronage
Definition: people and institutions that exert power and
control (economic, ideological, political...) over a
cultures literary system and hence over a
translators decisions, such as clients, publishers,
political or religious or literary institutions, academia, the
media
Source: Lefevere 1992
FI: suojelijat
SV: beskyddarskap, patronat
DE: Gnnerschaft
FR: patronage
phonemic translation, phonological translation, homophonic
translation
Definition: kind of translation that seeks to preserve
the same sounds and rhythm as the original, usually regardless of
syntax or meaning; used in some translations of poetry
FI: foneeminen knns, homofoninen
knns
SV: fonemisk versttning, homofon
versttning
DE: homophone bersetzung
FR: traduction homophonique, traduction phonmique
phonological translation > phonemic
translation
phrase structure change
Definition: syntactic translation technique or strategy
involving a change at the level of the phrase, such as changes in
number, definiteness and modification in the noun phrase, and
person, tense, and mood in the verb phrase
FI: lausekerakenteen muutos
SV: meningsstrukturfrndring, frndrad
frasstruktur
DE: Phrasenstrukturwechsel
FR: changement syntagmatique
pivot language, interlingua
Definition: language that serves as an intermediary in
indirect translation, i.e. when a translation is not done
directly from the original
FI: vlikieli, pivot-kieli
SV: mellansprk, pivotsprk
DE: Interlingua
FR: langue pivot
polemical translation
Definition: kind of translation that is overtly directed
against some other translation or kind of translation, or against
the source-text author
Source: Popovic 1976
FI: poleeminen knns
SV: polemisk versttning
DE: polemische bersetzung
FR: traduction polmique
polysystem theory
Definition: theory of the structure and behaviour of
literary systems, which sees a cultures literature as
consisting of a set of systems (i.e. a polysystem) of different
kinds, some central, others peripheral; literary translations
thus form a system within this polysystem
Source: Even-Zohar 1990
FI: polysysteemiteoria
SV: polysystemteori
DE: Polysystemtheorie
FR: thorie des polysystmes
post-editing
Definition: human revision of translations done by a
computer
FI: jlkieditointi
SV: post-editering, efterredigering
DE: Postredaktion
FR: post-dition
pragmatic equivalence > dynamic
equivalence
pragmatic strategy (or
technique)
Definition: change concerning pragmatic aspects of a
translation, involving some adjustment of the message for the
target audience
Source: Chesterman 1997
FI: pragmaattinen knnsstrategia
SV: pragmatisk versttningsstrategi
DE: pragmatische bersetzungsstrategie
FR: stratgie pragmatique
pre-editing
Definition: preparation of a source text for machine
translation, e.g. by simplifying it, removing ambiguities and
idioms, clarifying pronouns etc.
FI: etukteiseditointi
SV: pre-editering, frredigering, frhandsredigering
DE: Prredaktion
FR: pr-dition
preliminary norm
Definition: norm which affects the translation process
before the translator starts; these norms have to do with the
translation policy concerning what is worth translating; and with
the attitude towards indirect translation
Source: Toury 1995
FI: ennakkonormi
SV: preliminr norm
DE: Prliminarnorm
FR: norme prliminaire
prescriptive translation studies
Definition: translation research that aims to state what
should be done, rather than describe or explain what is in fact
done
FI: preskriptiivinen knnstutkimus, ohjaileva
knnstutkimus
SV: preskriptiv versttningsteori
DE: prskriptive bersetzungsforschung
FR: traductologie prescriptive
procedure, translation procedure
Definition: an alternative term for a technique or
strategy; either generally or with reference to a specific
language pair
Source Delisle 1999, Vinay and Darbelnet 1958
FI: knnsmenetelm,
kntmismenetelm
SV: versttningsmetod,
versttningsprocedur
DE: bersetzungsverfahren, bersetzungsstrategie
FR: procd de traduction
professional norm
Definition: process norms that govern professional
translation practice: norms of communication, source-target
relations, and accountability
Source: Chesterman 1997
FI: ammatillinen normi
SV: professionell norm
DE: professionelle Norm
FR: norme professionnelle
protocol > think-aloud protocol
pseudotranslation
Definition: text that is claimed to be, and is initially
accepted as, a translation, but later turns out not to be one
after all, because it has had no source text
FI: nennisknns,
pseudoknns, valeknns
SV: pseudoversttning
DE: Pseudobersetzung
FR: pseudo-traduction
pure language
Definition: mythical, Romantic notion of an abstract
universal language underlying all actual languages, which can be
tapped by translations that are allowed to be affected and thus
enriched by the source language
Source: Benjamin 1923/1963
FI: puhdas kieli
SV: rena sprket
DE: reine Sprache
FR: langue pure
